In short, the Pi just stopped booting.
I looked at the boot screen, which displayes FAILED messages:
Failed to start Load Kernel Module
and keeps rebooting after
A start job is running for dev-mmcblk0p6
I can't even enter commands at this point.
I checked how the SD Card looks in an Linux File Reader in Linux.
Now, I've aquired enough skills to realize that this isn't how its supposed to be
The partitioning seems... off. By a lot.
Is there anything I can do to restore the Pi?
sudo umount /dev/sdb6; sudo fsck -f -y /dev/sdb6; sudo eject /dev/sdb
[note I'm assuming it appears as /dev/sdb when you insert the USB reader]. Then try again in your RPi. If it still doesn't work write RaspiOS32 to another SDCard then rescue data & programs from the original card. – Dougie Jun 06 '20 at 09:48